William Shakespeares play, Macbeth, reveals the a Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeares play, Macbeth, reveals the a Essay bnormal subject of confused gender roles within the first of the act play. The three Weird Sisters who Macbeth and Banquo comes across on their journey home from fighting a war against Scotland are the start of this gender confusion which is seen throughout the play with Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, as well as in Macbeths speech to the three murderers as he tries to convince them to agree to his plan and kill Banquo. As Banquo approaches these witches, he cannot determine whether they are men or women. They possess all of the qualities women can be attributed for, yet this confusion comes from the fact that they have beards upon their faces. Having this scene be the very first of act Shakespeares Macbeth, foreshadows to the reader that gender roles will be confused through out the play. At the start of this play, Lady Macbeth is obviously the person in charge of their family. Upon hearing the news of Macbeths prophecy told by the three Weird Sisters, that he will replace the present king, Duncan, when the time comes she immediately begins planning King Duncans downfall. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeares play, Macbeth, reveals the a specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Macbeth is viewed as inferior and meek compared to his manly wife. Yet, it seems as though their positions in their relationship are switched after the murder of Duncan takes place. Lastly, King Macbeths conversation with the three murderers he chose to fulfill the task of getting rid of Banquo and Fleance strongly shows the suggestion of confused gender roles. Macbeth clearly asks them if they are indeed men. All of these examples clearly prove the suggestion of confused gender roles that will be seen throughout this play. All of these gender role confusions show the readerWithin the first act of the play, the reader is introduced to the three Weird Sisters. Having this meeting being one of the first events in the play foreshadows not only this confusion of gender roles, but the idea of the supernatural world as well. -what are these,So withered, and so wild in their attire,That look not like th in habitants o th earthAnd yet are on t? Or are you aughtThat man may question? You seem to understand MeBy each at once her choppy finger layingUpon her skinny lips. You should be women,And yet your beards forbid me to interpretThat you are so. (I, iii 40-49)Banquo is very direct with these witches with his confusion, as he bluntly states that he is confused by them because he is unsure on whether they are in fact women or men. The fact of these characters being witches foreshadows the idea of this play containing other supernatural things, which we the reader come across later on in the play. Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship is a different kind of relationship. In the beginning, Lady Macbeth is introduced to the reader as this evil woman plotting to murder the present king Duncan and anyone else who might come in her husbands way to become king. Upon Macbeths arrival Lady Macbeth tells him that she will take charge of the preparations for Duncans visit and murder. She takes their relationship into her hands, telling her husband to Leave all the rest to me ( I, vi,86.) Lady Macbeth could be viewed as possessing manly qualities, for she does seem to take control of their relationship. Yet, after Macbeth commits this sin of murdering his own king, his personality and train of thought is obvious and drastically changed. Though he does manifest guilt, he soon begins planning his next victim. Also, when Ross and Lennox find their King murdered in his bed, Macbeth proceeds to kill the guards whom he had framed, in an act of rage. This rage never seen to the reader until now, after he murders Duncan. .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .postImageUrl , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:hover , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:visited , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:active { border:0!important; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:active , .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32f392f7fd8df47c99421e821195965b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effects of Low self esteem on children Essay After this unfortunate assassination of a great king, Macbeth and Lady Macbeths role in their relationship seems to switch. It is now Macbeth who takes charge of the present situation, and does not inform Lady Macbeth of his intended plans of killing Banquo. He regards her as dear chuck and tells her to pretend that she does not know anything that he is planning on doing. Macbeths referral to Lady Macbeth as Dear chuck, is a phrase which reveals that Macbeth now has control of their relationship. Lady Macbeth is no longer viewed as possessing those manly qualities after the murder of Duncan.The last referral to the subject of gender role confusion is in Macbeths conversation with the three murderers chosen to fulfil this dreadful task of murdering not only Banquo, but Fleance as well. Their apparent apprehension to take on such a task fills Macbeth with a sort of anger, and he questions them, are you man?. This obviously would want to make three tough men, as these, want to take on such a task to prove to their king their manhood . . . and they do agree to it.

Biography of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist

Biography of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist Cotton Mather was a Puritan clergyman in Massachusetts known for his scientific studies and literary works, as wells as for the peripheral role he played in the witchcraft trials at Salem. He was a highly influential figure in early America. As a leading scientific mind of his day, Mather was one of only two colonial Americans (the other being Benjamin Franklin) admitted to the prestigious Royal Society of London. Yet as a theologian, he also believed in non-scientific ideas, in particular the existence of witchcraft. Fast Facts: Cotton Mather Known For: Early American Puritan clergyman, scientist, and influential authorBorn: March 19, 1663 in Boston, MassachusettsDied: February 13, 1728, age 65Education: Harvard College, graduated 1678, received masters degree 1681Key Accomplishments: One of two American scientists named to prestigious Royal Society of London. Author of hundreds of works, ranging from pamphlets to massive works of scholarship and history. Early Life Cotton Mather was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 19, 1663. His father was Increase Mather, a prominent citizen of Boston and a noted scholar who served as the president of Harvard College from 1685 to 1701. As a boy, Cotton Mather was well educated, learning Latin and Greek, and was admitted to Harvard at the age of 12. He studied Hebrew and the sciences, and after receiving a degree at the age of 16, intended to pursue a career in medicine. At 19 he received a master’s degree, and he remained involved in the administration of Harvard for the rest of his life (though he was disappointed to never be asked to serve as its president). His personal life was marked by recurring tragedies. He had three marriages. His first two wives died, his third went insane. He and his wives had a total of 15 children, but only six lived to be adults, and of those only two outlived Mather. Minister In 1685 Cotton Mather was ordained in the Second Church in Boston. It was a prestigious institution in the city, and Mather became its pastor. From the pulpit his words carried weight, and he thus had considerable political power in Massachusetts. He was known to have opinions on just about any issues, and was not shy about expressing them. Title page of Cotton Mathers The Wonders of the Invisible World, a book on witchcraft.   Library of Congress / Getty Images When the notorious trials of accused witches began in Salem in the winter of 1692-93, Cotton Mather approved of them, and by some interpretations actively encouraged them. Eventually, 19 people were executed and many more jailed. In 1693 Mather wrote a book, Wonders of the Invisible World, which made the case for the supernatural, and seemed to be a justification for the events at Salem. Mather later recanted his views on the witch trials, eventually considering them to have been excessive and unjustified. Scientist Mather had a deep interest in science since his childhood, and as books about discoveries by scientists in Europe reached America, he devoured them. He also corresponded with scientific authorities in Europe, and though positioned in the American colonies, he managed to stay up to date with the works of men such as Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle. Over the course of his life, Mather wrote about scientific subjects including botany, astronomy, fossils, and medicine. He became an authority on common diseases, including scurvy, measles, fevers, and smallpox. One of the major contributions Cotton Mather made to science in early America was his support for the concept of vaccinations. He was attacked and threatened for advocating that the public receive vaccinations for smallpox (a disease which had killed some of his children). By 1720, he was the foremost American authority on vaccinations. Author Mather possessed boundless energy as a writer, and over the course of his life he published hundreds of works, ranging from pamphlets to hefty books of scholarship. Perhaps his most significant written work was Magnalia Christi Americana, published in 1702, which chronicled the history of the Puritans in New England from 1620 to 1698. The book also serves as something of a history of the Massachusetts colony, and it became a cherished and widely read book in early America. (The copy owned by John Adams can be viewed online.) Title page of Magnalia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather. Cotton Mather / Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons   His writings show his typical wide range of interests. A book of essays, Political Fables, was published in 1692; Psalterium Americanum, a work in which he set the psalms to music, was published in 1718; and The Angel of Bethesda, a medical manual, was published in 1722. Bonifacius, Or Essays to Do Good, which Mather published in 1718, gave practical advice for doing good works. Benjamin Franklin credited the book as having influenced him as a youth. Legacy Cotton Mather died February 13, 1728, at the age of 65. By creating so many written works, Mather left an enduring legacy. He inspired Benjamin Franklin, who pursued simultaneous careers as writer, scientist, and political activist. And later American writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne all acknowledged debts to Cotton Mather. Sources: Cotton Mather. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 10, Gale, 2004, pp. 330-332. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Mather, Cotton. Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, vol. 4: Biographies: Volume 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 206-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Foundation of Marketing(Consumer and Business Buyer Behaviour) Essay

Foundation of Marketing(Consumer and Business Buyer Behaviour) - Essay Example The third process is complexity which refers to the level of difficulty attached to the understanding and â€Å"use† of the product (Armstrong and Kotler 2011,p. 184). Divisibility which is the fourth process, arises when the product â€Å"can be tried on a limited basis† (Armstrong and Kotler 2011, p. 184). The final process is communicability which refers to the extent to which the results of using a product can be observed and shared with others (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). Part II: Comments on Mike’s Letter Mike’s letter explaining why and how he decided on a business degree course highlights some of the stages that consumers go through prior to making a purchase. Mike manifested the relative advantage factor, which is the first characteristic influencing consumer purchase decision-making. Mike’s inquiries and searches demonstrate that he was comparing business degrees for relative superiority. The second characteristic, compatibility was very important to Mike. Mike was looking for a product that accommodated his own time table and his commitments to his family and at the same time left him with some free time.

Critical View of On the Equality of the Sexes by Judith Sargent Murray Essay

Critical View of On the Equality of the Sexes by Judith Sargent Murray - Essay Example Critical View of â€Å"On the Equality of the Sexes† by Judith Sargent Murray This essay opens with a poem which expresses Judith feelings towards oppression and education for women. It further stresses how the society silences women and how the male chauvinists disregard women. She expresses her frustrations when she say men thinks that women appreciate and love little thighs that do not matter when in real sense they appreciate and love similar things that men do. Judith exhibited high degree of intelligence which her parents noticed during her younger age and encouraged her to study with her brother. According to Smith, gender bias was creation of our founding fathers and mothers. Notably, the Declaration of Independence in the America gave an impression that men were born equal and free and could only be governed at their own will. In the nineteenth century, women increasingly participated in various efforts to improve their social status, rights and defend their place in the society. The very first women rights movement emerged from shared sense of discontents facing many women. They capitalized on women antislavery experience and in 1850’s they joined hands in promoting broad agenda for married women to acquire property rights. Judith Sargent Murray was born in Massachusetts, Gloucester in May 1751from a wealthy family that engaged in trade in both West Indies and England. Judith grew up with her brother, Winthrop who was educated b y her parents in order to go to Harvard. However, Judith only received rudimentary education and basic needlework in preparation for marriage. This discriminatory treatment irritated her and eventually she chose to dedicate herself to advocacy for women education and equal rights in male chauvinist society (Murray 134). Judith was married to John Stevens in 1769. She made proper use of her family extensive resources which enable her turn her quest of knowledge and love of reading into a prolific writing career. When Stevens was away, Judith published her first essay titled â€Å"Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, especially in Female Bosoms†Ã‚  in 1784. Stevens died in 1786 and she was married by John Murray in 1988 with whom she had two children. In 1790’s she wrote for Massachusetts Magazine an essay titled, â€Å"On the Equality of the Sexes†. Others include â€Å"The Gleaner,† that focused on citizenship, federalism, abilities, virtue and female education, â€Å"The Repository,† that emphasized on reflection, philosophy and Universalists subjects. When Judith and her husband moved to Boston, she was offered a column in a biweekly newspaper called Federal Orrery. However, she only submitted five essays and eventually had to cut ties with the newspaper when she received a backlash after allegations that her husband John did most of the writing. This essay compares and contrasts the various critical views of, â€Å"On the Equality of the Sexes† essay. This essay opens with a poem which expresses Judith feelings towards oppression and education for women. It further stresses how the society silences women and how the male chauvinists disregard women. She expresses her frustrations when she say men thinks that women appreciate and love little thighs that do not matter when in real sense they appreciate and love similar things that men do. This is one of the bases of â€Å"O n the Equality of the Sexes†Ã‚  in which she tries to depict how men and women are equal both rationally and intellectually hence the need to be taught the same way as they grow up (Mays 78). The essay also challenges the notion that men possess greater intellect than women. In this respect, Judith argues that

Communications Analysis of two interviews Essay

Communications Analysis of two interviews - Essay Example Besides, there was another Loan officer that interrupted out discussion quite frequently during the interview. Although I did not express it, yet somewhere deep inside me, I had mixed feelings about this attitude of Bill Cook and his staff. Opening and Closing: In the beginning, Bill Cook welcomed me into his room with a big smile on his face. We wished each other and shook hands. He himself took my coat and pulled back a chair for me. He asked me if I would like to have something to drink first. Despite his professionalism and nice tone of speech, I remained quite intimidated throughout the interview. By the time we were done with the interview, we shook hands with each other once again, and I thanked him for his time, attention and consideration. Relationship Dimensions: I felt quite nervous throughout the interview. Bill Cook was a stranger to me. We had never seen each other before the interview. In order to get the maximum response to my questions, I had to make my questions eas ily perceivable for Bill Cook. This demanded development of a comfort level with a person, who was an altogether stranger to me, though I managed to develop it sufficiently well. However, there was so much to ask that I felt constant nervousness. I had to ask Bill Cook why women Loan Officers could not be seen at any of the Land Bank branches. This and several other questions like this were indeed, quite personal, yet they were extremely important, so could not be missed. The nervousness kept me from becoming over confident and I conducted the interview in a prudent manner. At the end of the interview, the atmosphere was calm and relaxed and we had both enjoyed the discussion. Listening: Bill cook was a little preoccupied and seemed to be in a hurry from the speed of his response to my questions. Besides, his attention was being constantly sapped by the flooding phone calls and the interruption of the Loan officer, yet he managed to hear me good enough to deliver to the point answer s. In order to make my self heard well, I made use of the aggressive listening approach, and from the results, I can tell that the selection was right. Nonverbal communication: I was dressed in a business black suit and blazer and Bill Cook had worn khaki’s and a striped polo shirt. Bill Cook made good use of body language in conveying his points to me. He particularly emphasized upon the use of hands and eyes while making the speech. He maintained a constant and uninterrupted eye contact with me. I could not stand that, and would occasionally look down in an attempt to hide my nervousness and intimidation that had occupied me throughout the interview. Bill Cook tried to explain with hands, which made more comfortable and facilitated while making the speech. A hand shake was a good symbol of nonverbal greeting both before and after the interview. Reflection on the interview: Overall, the interview went extremely fine. I do believe that I could somehow, not get the entire trut h from Bill Cook regarding the lack of women’s representation in the job. Perhaps, I should have pressed him harder on the subject, though it was not entirely possible because Bill Cook seemed to be in too much a hurry to let me play with words. Still, I got sufficient information from Bill Cook to content my concerns. I chose to interview Bill Cook because he is quite experienced in Loan banking. I wanted to learn about banking and wanted to know why women did not participate in it in any branch of the

Development of Water-soluble Metal

Development of Water-soluble Metal Development of Water-soluble metal working fluids and study of their wear properties Chidambaram CT, L.A.Kumaraswamidhas, Suman Dutta* Abstract Metalworking chemistry evolved from simple oils to water-based technology. The tool life was extended by reducing wear by metal working fluids. This study shows parameters affecting on Wear Scar Diameters (WSD) with different water soluble metal working fluid having different mineral oil and phosphorous EP additive content. The optimum mineral oil and phosphorous EP additive content of this metal working fluid has been estimated using 2-level factorial design. The Mean Ware Scar Diameter (MWSD) is determined experimentally. The test is performed at specific speed, load and temperature adopting four balls tribology test method as per ASTM D4172 test procedure. The results from wear tester indicate the role of mineral oil content and mixture of EP additives. The lubricants with poor wear results possess excellent extreme pressure qualities. Keywords : Water-soluble metal working fluid, wear scar, four ball tester, 2-level factorial design Introduction Metal Working fluids principal functions are to accelerate heat dissipation with increased tool service life, lubrication between tool, chip and workpieice with reduced tool wear and improvement of the work piece surface finish. The fluids cool and lubricate the metal tool interface [1]. Metal working fluid requirements will be removal of heat, transport of metal chips and lubricate between tool and metal. Water soluble metal working fluids and Neat oils are two types of working fluid. The simple aqueous solutions provide excellent cooling but are not adequate for maintaining the good lubrication. Under such circumstances, a compromise is achieved by the use of soluble oils that consist of mineral oil together with EP compounds. These soluble oils function satisfactorily in most of the operations but their EP activities remain to a limited extent [3]. The main advantages of water-based fluids are that they resist the growth of microorganisms and the development of objectionable odor s. The functional additives contribute to the total composition which includes emulsification, corrosion inhibition, lubrication, microbial control, lubrication, pH buffering, coupling, defoaming, dispersing and wetting. In order to understand the effects of wear, researchers are able to understand the reaction of two moving surfaces between the metal working fluid and the material [4]. For minimizing the wear, the lubricant plays important role to increase the life time of mechanical components. Extreme Pressure (EP) additives such as sulphur, chloride and phosphorous actually form metal complexes with the metal surface at elevated temperatures. Any of the EP additives or in combination used in formulation of water soluble metal working fluids to impart good lubricity. Wear to the cutting edge is usually accompanied by rounding of the tools tip and permissible wear width is an indicator of tool service life [6]. For this paper, 5% of different water soluble metal working fluids employed to Four ball Tribotester, following the ASTM Standard D4172 [7]. The analyses were focused on the wear scar diameter and the results showed that having poor wear results have excellent extreme pressure qualities. The optimum value of mineral oil and phosphate esters were estimated by 2-level factorial design Level Factorial Design. 2-Level Factorial Design A 2-level factorial design with two factors have been used for this study. The factor considered here are concentration of mineral oil and phosphorous EP additives. The design points are shown Fig. 1 and values of independent variables at two levels are given in Table 1. Materials and Methods. The following section illustrates the experimental procedure and the materials and equipment required for this purpose Materials Chrome alloy steel standard balls as per AISIE-521000 of 12.7mm diameter, extra polish grade 25 of Rockwell C Hardness 64 – 66 HRC. Every test, new four balls were used. These balls were cleaned by using Acetone and wiped by fresh lint before starting the test. Water Soluble Metal Working Fluids The function of Metal working fluids are to aid the cutting and grinding operations with good finish and maintain the work piece quality by extending the life of machine tools. The chemical additives are used to formulate metal working fluid will contribute for stability, lubricity and microbial control. Water soluble metal working fluids with different mineral oil content such as 40%, 43%, 55%, 70% and 90% were defined as test candidates for the study to represent the entire performance bandwidth of the metal working fluids. The above concentrates are mixed with water at 5% concentration are for this test. Water soluble metal working fluid concentrates with 40% mineral oil content was subjected phosphorous EP Additives dosages with 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% for providing extreme pressure lubricity. These concentrates are diluted with water at 5% and conducted wear study as per ASTM D 4712. Apparatus Four-ball wear tester used for investigation of understanding the characteristics of lubricants. The above tester uses four balls. Three balls are firmly held in a ball pot which contains the lubricant to be tested and are pressed with one ball on the top. The top ball rotated at 1200 rpm on the three balls at the bottom. The four-ball tribotester machine TR-30L manufactured by Ducom India. This tester is used to measure the wear scar. The oil cup assembly, collect and the ball bearings are the important components shown in the figure 2. Before conducting the test, these components are cleaned with acetone. Test Procedures Steel ball bearings were placed in the ball pot assembly and tightened by using a torque wrench such that bottom steel balls prevented from moving during the testing. In the collector, the spinning ball at the top is locked and tightened onto the spindle. The test metal working fluid fed into the ball pot assembly. The assembly is installed into disc in the four ball machine. The test load of 392N (40 kg) applied slowly to avoid shock loading. The metal working fluid being tested was heated to 75oC by the tribotesters built-in heater. Set the drive motor to drive the top ball at 1200 rpm about one hour when the temperature reached. Oil cup assembly removed after one hour by switching off the heater. The metal working fluid under test drained from the oil cup. The steel balls were wiped by using lint free industrial wipe. The surface of the bearings was captured and wear scar measured by using microscope. Result and discussion With the special microscope, the wear scar diameters of bottom ball bearings were measured and the mean values were calculated. Table 3 shows the Mean Wear Scar. Mean wear scar diameter increases with the load gradually. The mineral oil content plays important role in wear and shown in Table 3 and figure 3 and it has been observed that wear scar value reduced with increase in mineral oil content in the water soluble metal working fluid concentrate. The relation between MWSD and MO content can be represented by the Equation 1 that has R2 = 0.9684 MWSD = 0.00003(MO)2 – 0.0081(MO) + 1.1257 (1) As our aim is to develop water based metal working fluid using minimum MO content. Further down, 40% mineral oil content concentrate taken for study and imparted with Phosphate additives and mean wear scar diameter found. It was observed by increasing the antiwear additive, the MSWD decreases as shown in Table 2. Data in Table 2 have been used to develop the 2-level factorial design. The surface and contour plot of this design are given in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively. The software MINITAB 15 was used for the 2-level factorial design and Table 4 and Table 5 represent the result of the analysis. The regression equation is given by Eqn.2. MWSD = 0.7075 0.0675xMO – 0.0575x PE + 0.0275 x MO x PE(2) The result of Analysis of Variance is given in Table 5. This table gives the value of various errors and the effect of various terms. The response MWSD have been optimized using the MINITAB 15 software. The study shows that 0.03% phosphate EP additive and 90% MO gives the best result of 0.61 within the experimental region. However, we are using 40% MO as discussed earlier. Therefore, the 40% MO and 0.03% phosphate EP additive gives the MWSD of 0.69. The optimum value can be calculated from the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 based on the maximum allowable MO content. Conclusion The tribology behavior of different metal working fluids at load (392N) were evaluated by Four ball tribotester machine and the results were compared. From the results, it can be concluded as 1.From the observation of wear scar condition, all the metal working fluids show abrasive wear. Severe adhesive wear found only in metal working fluid where there is low mineral oil content and rest of the samples found good. 2.Phosphate esters containing metal working fluid tend to impart anti-wear property to metal working fluids and with increase in quantity will leads to instability. 3.There was the general tendency for the wear, as indicated by the increased scar diameter, to increase the extreme pressure properties were improved. 4.Incorporation of antiwear additives for mineral oil containing 90% water soluble working fluid leads to instability. 5.A combination of 40% MO and 0.03% phosphate EP additives can be used production of water based metal working fluid.

Common Sense Justice Essay -- Law

Commonsense justice and jury instructions are placed together to exemplify the informative and the response between the two; like the â€Å"analytic and beneficial†. Conjoining these two objectives, gives them â€Å"instructive potential for the law;† with the verdicts of not guilty, or hung juries, and jury nullification. These two objectives are â€Å"more likely the failure of jury instructions,† [slightly] than the â€Å"failings of jurors.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Norman J. Finkel, 2000). Both of the objectives have a teaching method that gives jurors no time management and no chance to comprehend the differences. In the court system they have two laws; one is black-letter law, and commonsense justice. Black-letter law is a generally known law plus the most common, and it is what the legislators have endorsed, and it was intertwined through the â€Å"common-law cases and appeals decisions.† Black-letter law takes the instructions away from second guesses, and disagreements, and makes a set of clear and precise rules. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000). Commonsense justice represents the citizens and what they think what is right and wrong; just and fair. The bias that jurors have inside themselves, they are taking those emotions to the jury box as they are about to judge the â€Å"defendant and the law.† What the citizens feel the law should be is what they think. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000). Instructions for jurors were â€Å"rewritten using psycholinguistic principles† which [illustrated] that their comprehension improved.† â€Å"Commonsense justice and jury instructions,† adjacent on an â€Å"instructive and reciprocating connection,† continued to demonstrate the studies of how citizens interpreted the instructions. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000) If the instructions are not understandable ... ...tz et. al. 1997). â€Å"The standard of proof in a trial is one such fundamental tenet of criminal law.† (Horowitz et. al. 1997). Works Cited Haney, Craig (1997). Commonsense Justice and Capital Punishment. Problematizing the â€Å"Will of the People† Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3(2/3), 303-337. Horowitz, Irwin A. (1997). Reasonable Doubt. Instructions commonsense justice and standard of proof. Psychology Public Policy, and Law, 3(2/3), 285-302 Norman, Finkel J. (2000). Commonsense Justice and Jury Instructions. Instructive and Reciprocating Connections. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(3), 591-628 Norman, Finkel J. and Groscup, Jennifer L.. (1997). When Mistakes Happen. Commonsense Ruels of Culpability. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3(1), 65-125.